Title: Causes of Hirsutism Word Count: 549 Summary: Hirsutism is a common issue causing significant social and psychological distress mainly among women. Hirsutism is defined as excessive and unwanted facial and/or body (say in the neck, chest and lower abdomen) hair in a male-like formulation. Estimates suggest that it affects between 5% and 15% of women, varying according to characteristics. Keywords: causes of hirsutism, hirsutism causes, hirsutism, idiopathic hirsutism Article Body: Hirsutism is defined as excessive and unwanted facial and/or body (say in the neck, chest and lower abdomen) hair in a male-like formulation. Estimates suggest that it affects between 5% and 15% of women, varying according to characteristics. At least 5% of women of reproductive age suffer from this ailment. It is a common issue causing significant social and psychological distress mainly among women, but modern diagnosis and treatment can surely take care of the problem. Causes of hirsutism Before we lunge into the probable causes of hirsutism it is better to remember that it is a sign of hyperandrogenism. The causes of increased androgen level in hirsutism include: Familial and idiopathic hirsutism These are common causes of hirsutism resulting from peripheral androgen goings-on. It begins in puberty and slowly steps forward. The patients have normal menses, normal testosterone level, 17alpha hydroxyprogesterone and DHEAS. The diagnosis stands on exclusion. Idiopathic cause- Idiopathic cause triggers hirsutism in 6% to 17% of hirsute women. Hirsutism occurs in the body where the circulating levels of androgens and ovulation are normal. The pathophysiological indicators are exaggerated peripheral 5 alpha reductase activity, altered androgen metabolism or different functioning androgen receptors. Excess secretion by the ovaries (For example tumors, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)) The most common example is polycystic ovary syndrome, which affects 6% women of the reproductive age bracket. Over 70% patients with PCOS have signs of hyperandrogenism. This is manifested by hyperandrogenemia and chronic anovulation. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is typified by formation of follicular cysts, which are detected by ultrasound. PCOS is a combination of polycystic ovaries and other typical symptoms like hirsutism, amenorrhea or dysfunctional uterine bleeding, infertility, obesity, irregular menstrual cycles and acne. This is better diagnosed clinically rather than laboratory findings. The diagnosis of PCOS is based on exclusion, which means this disorder is attributed to patients whose body shows proof of ovulatory dysfunction supported by either clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. PCOS is a broad scale disorder with patients ranging from women having regular cycles who have hirsutism to those people who are anovulatory. Excess secretion by adrenal glands (Examples are congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), Cushing ’s syndrome, tumors) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or CAH, is a gamut of inherited disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis. In this case diminished cortisol production results in overproduction of androgenic steroids. The common symptoms are acne, menstrual dysfunctions, hirsutism occurring in adolescence or adulthood. Cushing’s syndrome is caused by amplified production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary, adrenal carcinoma/adrenoma or secretion of ectopic ACTH. The clinical symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome are quite evident. People with macronodular hyperplasia are common prey to intense hirsutism. Ovarian or Adrenal Androgen secreting Tumors are rare triggers hirsutism/hyperandrogenism. These conditions are indicated by rapid virilization remote from menarche. A person may suffer from Hirsutism as a result of using exogenous pharmacologic agents including testosterone, anabolic steroids and danazol (Danocrine). Oral contraceptives containing norgestrel, levonorgestrel and norethindrone are predisposed to more powerful androgenic outcomes than those with norgestinate, desogestrel and ethynodiol diacetate, which have lesser androgenic effects. Some rare causes of hirsutism • Medications: Hirsutism may be caused by the medications, which are the sources of hyperprolactinamia. • Greater production of growth hormones • Hyperinsulinemia • Hypothyroidism The insight into the roots of hirsutism will accelerate the bold step forward, towards the cure of the disease.